African Anarchism : The History of A Movement

Footnotes

[1]^ The New Encyclopaedia Britannica (15th Edition), Volume I, 1990, p. 371.

[2]^ The Encyclopedia Americana (International Edition), Volume I, 1981, p. 277.

[3]^ Collier’s Encyclopedia, Volume 2. New York : Macmillan, 1982, p. 127.

[4]^ Russell, B. Roads to Freedom. London : Unwin, 1977, p. 44.

[5]^ Ibid., p. 57.

[6]^ Bakunin, M. Marxism, Freedom and the State. London : Freedom Press, 1984, p. 22.

[7]^ Ibid., p. 5.

[8]^ Ibid., p. 31.

[9]^ Kropotkin, P. Anarchism and Anarchist Communism. London : Freedom Press, 1987, p. 23.

[10]^ Ibid., p. 29.

[11]^ Ibid., p. 51 and 52.

[12]^ Bakunin, Op. Cit., p. 33.

[13]^ Kropotkin, Op. Cit., p. 39.

[14]^ Bakunin, Op. Cit., pp. 33 and 34.

[15]^ Maximoff, G.P. Program of Anarcho-Syndicalism. Sydney : Monty Miller Press, 1985, p. 10.

[16]^ Ibid., p. 11.

[17]^ Ibid., p. 13.

[18]^ See The Principles, Aims and Statutes of the International Workers Association

[19]^ Dielo Trouda Group, Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communists, 1926, Irish edition, republished by Workers Solidarity Movement, p. 18.

[20]^ Maximoff, Op. Cit., p. 34.

[21]^ See Doyle, K. Workers Solidarity, Issue #36, Autumn 1992, p. 20.

[22]^ See Statutes of the International Workers Association

[23]^ Anonymous, You Can’t Blow Up a Social Relationship : The Anarchist Case Against Terrorism. Tucson, Arizona : See Sharp Press, 1990, p. 20.

[24]^ Russell, Op. Cit., p. 56.

[25]^ Quoted in Russell, Op. Cit., p. 57.

[26]^ Bakunin, Op. Cit., p. 6.

[27]^ See Anarchism Toward the 21st Century, published by Anarchist Media Institute, p. 27.

[28]^ Kropotkin, Op. Cit., p. 11.

[29]^ See Kropotkin, Op. Cit., p. 12.

[30]^ Ibid.

[31]^ See Bakunin, Op. Cit., pp. 12, 28, and 30. See also Russell, Op. Cit., pp. 48, 96 and 98.

[32]^ Quoted in Russell, p. 51.

[33]^ Kropotkin, Op. Cit., p. 9.

[34]^ Ibid., pp. 23 and 2.

[35]^ See Russell, B. Roads to Freedom. London : Unwin, 1977, p. 26. Russell, Op. Cit., pp. 65 and 66.

[36]^ Ibid., p. 29.

[37]^ Quoted in Russell, p. 30.

[38]^ For example, by 1869 he had begun a Russian translation of Das Capital, a book whose economic doctrine he enthusiastically supported.

[39]^ Quoted in Russell, p. 48.

[40]^ Ibid., p. 51.

[41]^ Ibid.

[42]^ Bakunin, M. Marxism, Freedom and the State. London : Freedom Press, 1984, pp. 11 and 12.

[43]^ Russell, Op. Cit., p. 52.

[44]^ Bakunin, Op. Cit., p. 39.

[45]^ Ibid., p. 47.

[46]^ Ibid., p. 43.

[47]^ Ibid., p. 32.

[48]^ Quoted in Dolgoff, S. (ed.) Bakunin on Anarchy. New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 1971, pp. 331-332.

[49]^ Bakunin, Op. Cit., p. 16.

[50]^ Russell, Op. Cit., p. 57.

[51]^ Quoted in Dolgoff, Op. Cit., p. 323.

[52]^ McLoughlin, C. “Anarchism and Marxism,” Workers Solidarity Magazine, Issue #39, 1993.

[53]^ Appadorai, A. The Substance of Politics. London : Oxford University Press, 1978, p. 124.

[54]^ Ibid., p. 120.

[55]^ See The Encyclopaedia Britannica (15th Edition), Vol. II, p. 464.

[56]^ Russell, Op. Cit., p. 62.

[57]^ Russell, Op. Cit., p. 62.

[58]^ Appadorai, Op. Cit., p. 120.

[59]^ Quoted in The New Radical Thinker, Sept. — Dec. 1994. See also Russell, p. 64.

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[112]^ Goldthorpe, J.E. “The Sociology of the Third World” in The African Communist No. 106, Third Quarter, 1986, p. 59.

[113]^ “Indigenous Ills in Socialism in Tanzania,” Ibid.

[114]^ Galli, R.E. Lecture on political economy, University of Calabar, 1982.

[115]^ The African Communist, No. 117, Second Quarter, 1989, pp. 70-71.

[116]^ Ibid., pp. 82-83.

[117]^ Ibid., p. 83.

[118]^ Ibid., p. 72.

[119]^ Ake, Claude. Revolutionary Pressures in Africa. London : Zed Press, 1978.

[120]^ Ibid. p. 79.

[121]^ Ibid., p. 80.

[122]^ Ibid.

[123]^ Harris, R., ed. The Political Economy of Africa. New York : Schwenkan Publishing Company, 1975, p. 30.

[124]^ Markovitz, L. Power and Class in Africa. New Jersey : Prentice Hall, 1977, p. 306.

[125]^ Fanon, F. The Wretched of the Earth. Middlesex, England : Penguin, 1961, p. 174.

[126]^ Ibid.

[127]^ Murray, R. “The Social Roots and Political Nature of Military Regimes,” in Gutkind, P.W., ed., African Social Studies. London : Heinemann, p. 384.

[128]^ Ibid., p. 385.

[129]^ Grundy, K.W. “The Negative Image of Africa’s Military,” Review of Politics, Vol. 30, 1968.

[130]^ Ibid.

[131]^ Levine, V.T. Political Corruption : The Ghana Case. Palo Alto, California : Stanford University Press, 1975, p. 65.

[132]^ Card, E. “The Political Economy of Ghana,” in Harris, R., ed., The Political Economy of Africa. New York : Praeger, 1969, p. 182.

[133]^ Ocran, A. Politics of the Sword. London : Rex Collings, 1977, p. 45.

[134]^ Nigerian Department of Information, Printing Division, Lagos (Audit Report, 1982).

[135]^ Sunday Concord Newspaper, October 9, 1983, p. 1.

[136]^ Nye, J. “Corruption and Political Development,” in Levine, Op. Cit., p. 65.

[137]^ Ibid.

[138]^ Cited in Levine, Op. Cit., p. 65.

[139]^ Ake, C. A Political Economy of Africa. New York : Longman, 1981, p. 33.

[140]^ Williams, G. in Gutkind and Waterman, eds., African Social Studies. London : Heinemann, 1977, p. 176.

[141]^ See Pius Okigbo’s paper, “Africa’s External Debt Crisis,” presented at a public symposium, University of Lagos, November 1989.

[142]^ Maximoff, G.P. Program of Anarcho-Syndicalism. Sydney : Monty Miller Press, 1985, p. 46.

[143]^ Bakunin, M. Marxism, Freedom and the State. London : Freedom Press, 1984, p. 32.

[144]^ Ibid.

[145]^ Maximoff, Op. Cit., p. 45.

[146]^ Ibid., p. 46.

[147]^ Ibid., p. 47.

[148]^ Ibid.

Notes : About 50 footnotes were missing in the source. They are marked in the text as missing footnote